Taoism and Meditation History A History of Meditation in Taoism

Taoist meditation, also known as Daoist meditation, is a practice associated with the Chinese philosophy and religion of Taoism. It encompasses various techniques such as concentration, mindfulness, contemplation, and visualization. The history of Taoist meditation can be traced back to the Warring States period in ancient China. Taoists believe in living in harmony with the Tao, or the universe, and meditation is a key practice to cultivate inner peace and harmony. Taoist meditation has also influenced traditional Chinese medicine and martial arts.

Key Takeaways:

• Taoist meditation is a practice associated with the Chinese philosophy and religion of Taoism.
• It involves techniques such as concentration, mindfulness, contemplation, and visualization.
• Taoist meditation has a rich history dating back to ancient China.
• The practice aims to cultivate inner peace, harmony, and alignment with the Tao.
• Taoist meditation has influenced traditional Chinese medicine and martial arts.

Concepts in Taoism and Meditation

Taoism, a philosophy deeply rooted in Chinese tradition, embraces several fundamental concepts that form the basis of its meditation practices. These concepts illuminate the way to spiritual enlightenment, self-cultivation, and harmony with the universe. Understanding these concepts is essential to unlocking the wisdom and transformative power of Taoist meditation.

Dao: The Way of the Universe

Taoism revolves around the concept of Dao, which can be translated as “the Way” or “the Path.” Dao represents the natural order and the underlying principle that governs all existence. It is the ultimate source of wisdom, balance, and harmony. Taoist meditation seeks to align oneself with the Dao, to live in accordance with its wisdom and guidance.

De: Virtue and Power

De refers to the virtue or power that arises from being in harmony with the Dao. It encompasses qualities such as integrity, compassion, and humility. Taoist meditation practices help cultivate De, allowing individuals to embody these virtues and attain a state of inner peace and authenticity.

Wuji: Emptiness and Infinite Potential

Wuji represents the state of emptiness and boundless potential from which everything arises. It is a state of unity and undifferentiated oneness. Taoist meditation taps into the state of Wuji, allowing practitioners to connect with the limitless possibilities within themselves and the universe.

Taiji: Balance of Yin and Yang

Taiji embodies the concept of the interplay between Yin and Yang, the opposing but complementary forces that exist in all things. It represents the dynamic equilibrium between light and dark, stillness and movement, and feminine and masculine energies. Taoist meditation seeks to achieve inner balance and harmony by aligning and harmonizing the Yin and Yang energies within the practitioner.

Yin-Yang: Interconnectedness and Harmony

Yin-Yang represents the dualistic nature of existence and the interdependence of opposites. It symbolizes the constant interplay and mutual transformation of Yin (passive, receptive) and Yang (active, assertive) energies. Taoist meditation fosters an awareness of this interconnectedness and aims to restore harmony between the opposing forces within oneself and the world.

Wu xing (Five Phases): Cyclical Nature of the Universe

Wu xing, also known as the Five Phases or Five Elements, is a concept that describes the dynamic and cyclical nature of the universe. It encompasses the elements of Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, and Water, each representing different qualities and energies. Taoist meditation acknowledges the influence of the Five Phases and seeks to harmonize and balance their energies within the practitioner.

Bianhua, Fan (Reversal): Transformation and Change

Bianhua, also referred to as Fan or Reversal, is the understanding that all things are subject to transformation and change. It recognizes the impermanence of existence and the constant flux of phenomena. Taoist meditation cultivates an awareness of this ever-changing nature of reality, allowing practitioners to flow with the natural rhythms and cycles of life.

Wu-wei (Non-Action): Effortless Action

Wu-wei is the principle of effortless action or non-action. It involves acting in harmony with the natural flow of the universe, without forcing or resisting. Taoist meditation cultivates a state of Wu-wei, allowing practitioners to let go of excessive effort and control, and instead, surrender to the spontaneous and intuitive guidance of the Dao.

Ziran: Naturalness and Spontaneity

Ziran embodies the idea of naturalness and spontaneity. It encourages individuals to embrace their authentic selves and express their true nature without pretense or manipulation. Taoist meditation practices guide practitioners to reconnect with their inherent naturalness and tap into the effortless wisdom that arises from being in alignment with their true selves.

Xian: Immortals and the Quest for Immortality

Xian, or immortals, are divine beings in Taoism who have attained spiritual enlightenment and transcended the limitations of mortal existence. Taoist meditation offers the possibility of spiritual transformation and the cultivation of longevity. It aims to nourish the body, mind, and spirit, ultimately leading practitioners on the path towards immortality.

Three Treasures: Jing, Qi, Shen

The Three Treasures represent the essential energies that contribute to a person’s overall well-being and spiritual development. Jing refers to the essence or life force, Qi represents vital energy, and Shen embodies the spirit or consciousness. Taoist meditation practices focus on refining and harmonizing the Three Treasures to enhance physical health, mental clarity, and spiritual growth.

Jing: Essence

“The essence (Jing) is the root of life, it is precious and needs to be well-guarded.”

Qi: Vital Energy

“Cultivate your vital energy (Qi) and flow with the harmony of the universe.”

Shen: Spirit

“Quiet the mind, and the spirit (Shen) will reveal its true nature.”

Hun and Po: Soul and Spirit

Hun and Po represent the two aspects of the soul and spirit according to Taoist belief. Hun refers to the ethereal soul associated with higher consciousness and spirituality, while Po represents the corporeal soul associated with the physical body and the earthly realm. Taoist meditation seeks to unite and harmonize these two aspects, facilitating spiritual growth and integration.

Taoist Meditation Practices

Taoist meditation encompasses various practices that aim to cultivate harmony and inner peace. These practices revolve around the cultivation of the Three Treasures – Jing, Qi, and Shen – through different meditation techniques. Taoists also adhere to moral principles known as the Five Precepts and the Ten Precepts, which serve as a guide for ethical conduct.

Meditation in Taoism can be categorized into two main types: Neidan (internal alchemy) and Waidan (external alchemy). Neidan focuses on cultivating and refining the Three Treasures within the body, while Waidan involves external methods such as the use of herbs, talismans, and rituals.

In addition to traditional seated meditation, Taoists also practice various forms of meditation such as Bugang (walking meditation) and Chu (chanting mantras). These practices help to quiet the mind, deepen awareness, and cultivate a state of tranquility.

Taoism also incorporates specific dietary practices, known as Diet (Bigu), which involve fasting or restricting certain types of food. This dietary discipline is believed to purify the body and enhance spiritual cultivation.

Furthermore, Taoist meditation acknowledges the importance of sexual practices in the cultivation of energy, known as Sexual practices. These practices involve harnessing sexual energy for spiritual transformation and vitality.

Through the diverse range of Taoist meditation practices, individuals can cultivate a deep sense of inner peace, balance, and spiritual growth.

Taoist Meditation Texts and Deities

Taoist meditation is guided by various texts that provide insights and teachings on the practice. These texts include the I Ching, an ancient divination and philosophical text, the Daodejing, a fundamental Taoist scripture attributed to Lao Tzu, and the Zhuangzi, a collection of stories and philosophical dialogues. Other important texts include the Huainanzi, Taipingjing, Xiang’er, Liezi, Sanhuangjing, Huahujing, Qingjing Jing, and Baopuzi, which delve into different aspects of Taoist philosophy and meditation.

Taoism also recognizes various deities and celestial beings, including Hongjun Laozu, the Three Pure Ones (Yuanshi Tianzun, Lingbao Tianzun, Daode Tianzun), the Four Sovereigns, Yuhuang Dadi (Great Jade Emperor), Ziwei Dadi (Great Emperor of the North Star), Gouchen Dadi (Great Emperor of the Curved Array), Houtu Huang Diqi (Empress of the Earth), Xiwangmu (Queen Mother of the West), Dongwanggong (King Father of the East), the Three Great Emperor-Officials, the Eight Immortals, Chang’e, the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors, the Yellow Emperor, Guan Shengdi, Li Hong, and other deities.

Taoist Meditation Texts and Deities

Prominent Figures in Taoism and Meditation

Taoism and meditation have been greatly influenced by the contributions of numerous prominent figures throughout history. These individuals have shaped the philosophy, practices, and teachings of Taoism, leaving a lasting impact on the development and dissemination of Taoist meditation. Let’s explore some of these influential figures:

1. Laozi: A legendary figure attributed as the founder of Taoism and the author of the Daodejing, Laozi is one of the most important figures in Taoism.
2. Zhuangzi: Zhuangzi, a philosopher and writer, is highly revered, and his book, the Zhuangzi, is considered a Taoist classic.
3. Lie Yukou, Heshanggong, Wei Boyang: These figures have contributed their insights and thoughts to Taoist philosophy and meditation practices.
4. Zhang Daoling: As the founder of the Celestial Masters movement, Zhang Daoling played a significant role in the development and spread of Taoism.
5. Gan Ji, Zhang Jue, Zhang Lu: These individuals were key figures in Taoist history and made important contributions to the evolution of Taoist meditation.
6. Ge Xuan, He Yan, Wang Bi: These influential figures furthered the understanding and practice of Taoist philosophy and meditation.
7. Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove: A group of intellectuals and scholars who gathered during the turbulent Wei-Jin period, the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove advocated for a more free-spirited approach to life and contributed to Taoist thought.
8. Guo Xiang, Sun Hanhua, Wei Huacun: These figures added their unique interpretations and insights to Taoist philosophy and meditation.
9. Ge Hong, Bao Jingyan, Kou Qianzhi: These individuals were prominent Taoist scholars and practitioners, contributing to the growth and understanding of Taoist meditation.
10. Lu Xiujing, Tao Hongjing, Cheng Xuanying: These figures were influential in preserving and compiling Taoist texts and teachings, ensuring the continuity of Taoist meditation traditions.
11. Chen Tuan, Zhang Boduan, Sun Bu’er: These individuals made significant contributions to the internal alchemy and energy cultivation practices of Taoist meditation.
12. Wang Chongyang, Qiu Chuji: Founders of the Quanzhen School, Wang Chongyang, and Qiu Chuji played a pivotal role in the development and spread of Taoist meditation traditions.
13. Zhang Guoxiang, Zhang Sanfeng: These figures are renowned for their contributions to Taoist martial arts and energy cultivation practices.
14. Zhu Quan, Fangshi: These prominent Taoist figures contributed their knowledge and wisdom to the study and practice of Taoist meditation.

These are just a few of the many figures who have shaped the landscape of Taoism and meditation throughout history. Their teachings, philosophies, and practices continue to inspire and guide practitioners in their journey towards inner peace, harmony, and spiritual growth.

Historical Quotes

“To attain knowledge, add things every day. To attain wisdom, remove things every day.”
– Laozi

“Do not seek to follow in the footsteps of the wise. Seek what they sought.”
– Zhuangzi

Taoist Meditation Schools and Traditions

Taoist meditation has given rise to various schools and traditions that have their own unique practices and teachings.

Huang–Lao

The Huang–Lao tradition combines elements of Taoism and Legalism, emphasizing the cultivation of inner virtue and governance.

Way of the Taiping

The Way of the Taiping focuses on universal peace and harmony, promoting moral righteousness and social justice.

Xuanxue

Xuanxue, also known as Neo-Daoism, explores metaphysics and the pursuit of knowledge and wisdom.

Shangqing

Shangqing, or Highest Clarity, is a mystical tradition that incorporates ritual practices, visualizations, and divine revelations.

Lijia

The Lijia tradition emphasizes self-cultivation and moral development through meditation and ethical living.

Lingbao

Lingbao focuses on the cultivation of immortality through rituals, alchemy, and union with celestial beings.

Chongxuan

The Chongxuan tradition emphasizes the exploration and understanding of the mysteries of life and the universe.

Quanzhen (Longmen)

Quanzhen, also known as Longmen, is a complete system of Taoist cultivation, integrating meditation, martial arts, and medicine.

Wuliu

Wuliu incorporates a balance of physical movement, breath control, and meditation to cultivate vitality and longevity.

Tianshi (Celestial Masters)

The Tianshi or Celestial Masters tradition originated from the teachings of Zhang Daoling, emphasizing the practices of talismans, rituals, and healing.

Wudoumi

Wudoumi focuses on the purification and harmonization of body, mind, and spirit through martial arts and meditation.

Southern Tianshi and Northern Tianshi

Southern Tianshi and Northern Tianshi are lineages that follow different paths within the Tianshi tradition, with varying emphasis on rituals and celestial communications.

Zhengyi (Orthodox Unity)

Zhengyi, or Orthodox Unity, is a comprehensive Taoist tradition that encompasses rituals, divination, alchemy, and meditation.

Folk Taoism

Folk Taoism comprises various local customs, beliefs, and practices that integrate Taoist principles into daily life.

Taoist temples serve as important centers for worship and spiritual practice. Some notable Taoist temples include:

• White Cloud Temple (Baiyun Monastery)
• Louguantai Temple
• Cebu Taoist Temple
• Taoist Temple (Hanford, California)

Institutions and organizations such as the Chinese Taoist Association and the Celestial Masters play a vital role in promoting and preserving Taoist traditions. Taoist priests serve as spiritual guides and leaders within the Taoist community.

Qigong and its Connection to Taoist Meditation

Qigong, also known as chi kung or chi gung, is an ancient Chinese practice that focuses on cultivating and harmonizing life energy, known as Qi. Qigong is considered a body-mind exercise that combines slow body movements, regulated breathing, and inner focus.

While Qigong is not exclusively tied to Taoism, it has been influenced by Taoist meditation practices. Qigong incorporates concentrative exercises and emphasizes the circulation of energy in the body. It has become a popular practice for health, meditation, and martial arts training.

Qigong has its own history, theory, and philosophy that delve into the principles and techniques of energy cultivation.

Qigong offers practitioners a way to enhance their physical and mental well-being by harmonizing the flow of Qi in the body. Through the gentle movements and focused breathing, Qigong aims to restore balance and promote vitality.

In traditional Chinese medicine, Qigong is regarded as a powerful method for promoting health, preventing illness, and supporting the body’s natural healing abilities.

The philosophy behind Qigong is rooted in the belief that Qi, or life energy, flows through channels in the body. By practicing Qigong, individuals aim to cleanse, balance, and strengthen their Qi, thereby promoting overall health and well-being.

The practice of Qigong can be tailored to individual needs and preferences. There are various styles and forms of Qigong that focus on different aspects, such as calming the mind, cultivating spiritual insight, or improving physical strength and flexibility.

Qigong can be practiced by people of all ages and fitness levels, making it accessible to a wide range of individuals. Whether practiced as a standalone discipline or in conjunction with other activities such as Tai Chi or meditation, Qigong offers a holistic approach to health and self-cultivation.

The benefits of Qigong extend beyond physical health. Regular practice can enhance mental clarity, reduce stress, and promote a sense of inner calm and peace.

“Qigong is a powerful practice that allows individuals to tap into their innate healing abilities and cultivate a deep connection with themselves and the world around them.” – Master Li, Qigong practitioner.

Qigong offers a pathway for individuals to enhance their physical, mental, and spiritual well-being. It provides a means to harmonize and cultivate life energy, promoting balance and vitality. Drawing inspiration from Taoist meditation practices, Qigong has its own unique history, theory, and philosophy. Through the practice of Qigong, individuals can embark on a transformative journey of self-discovery and inner growth.

Conclusion

Taoism and meditation share a deep and intricate history that spans across centuries. The practice of Taoist meditation has developed and evolved over time, influenced by various Taoist philosophies, texts, and influential figures. This ancient practice has also intersected with other important aspects of Taoism, such as traditional Chinese medicine, martial arts, and Qigong.

Taoist meditation serves as a gateway to inner peace, harmony, and alignment with the Tao, the universal principle. Through the application of Taoist techniques and practices, individuals can embark on a profound journey of self-discovery and tranquility. By embracing the principles and teachings of Taoism, one can unlock spiritual fulfillment and cultivate a sense of self-awareness.

With its rich history and profound impact, Taoist meditation continues to be revered as a powerful tool for personal growth and well-being. As individuals delve into the depths of Taoism and meditation history, they open themselves up to a vast array of wisdom and knowledge that can shape their own spiritual journey.